KPK Board 10th class Computer Ch 2 Programming in C short questions answers
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Program syntax: Different rules of programming languages used to write/create a computer program are called Program syntax.
Every programming language has its own specific syntax that must be following to develop the computer program.
Program semantics: The meaning of programming language statements are called program semantics. These specify the real purpose of developing the different statements of computer programs.
The computer languages which deal with a computer’s hardware are called low languages while the computer languages which are used by the number of English words and arithmetic operators are called high level languages. The major differences between low level and high-level languages are following
| Low-Level languages | High-Level Languages | |
| 1. | Instructions are written in binary form. | Instructions are written in human. |
| 2. | The computer can directly understand low-level languages. | The computer can directly understand high-level languages. |
| 3. | Expert hardware knowledge required to use low-level languages. | Expert arithmetic and scientific skills required to use high-level languages. |
| 4. | Low-level languages are fundamental/native computer languages. | High-level languages are not the fundamental / native computer languages. |
| 5. | Low-level languages are machine dependant. | High-level languages are not machine dependant. |
| 6. | Low-level languages are comprised of circuits etc. | High-level languages are comprised of functions, modules, classes, GUI, etc. |
| 7. | The example are Machine languages, Assembly languages. | The example are procedural, structured, object-oriented languages. |
IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. It is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers/users to develop the software program. It works as a tool to create, edit, compile and run the computer program.
Each programming language requires an IDE to write computer programs. IDEs provide GUI ( Graphical user interface) due to which computer programming has become an easy task.
OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. The programming technique in which objects and classes are used is called object-oriented programming. Class is an abstract data type that acts as a template/plan while an object is an instance of the class.
In OOP, classes are designed consisting of data members ( variables ) and member function. Once the class has been created, its objects can be created that are used to access the class.
The example of OOP languages are C ++ and java.
There are many characteristics of high-level languages. Some common are following.
- L.L are easy to learn, write, edit and compile.
- L.L are very easy to understand due to numerous English words and arithmetic operators.
- L.L. allow to develop lengthy & complex computer programs effectively.
- L.L provides an easy way to detect and remove the errors.
- L.L are full of built- in library functions.
- Most of the H.L.L are machine independent which means that these can be used in different types of machine.
- L.L are used to develop computer applications, games, entertaining software, operating systems, applets etc.
Compiler: It is system software which is used to translate the high level language program to machine level and vise versa. It translate the entire computer program at once. It also create the executable file. The programming languages like C/C ++, java etc use the compiler software.
Interpreter: It is also a high level language translator which is used to translate the high level program in machine language using statement by statement technique. It do not create executable file. The programming languages like Visual Basic, BASIC, java script etc use the interpreter software.
The file that is the collection of different library functions used to perform their specific task is called header file.
Header files are the part of C- language compiler. Each header file has own specific function e.g. the header file “math. h” defines the arithmetic functions like SQRT, SIN, COS etc. Header files have extension “.h” these are added to C/ C ++ program by # include directive.
The syntax / example to use header dile is
# include “stdio.h” or
# include <stdio.h>
| Source Program | Object Program | |
| 1. | Source program is typically a computer program that is human readable instructions. | Object program is typically a machine executable program create by compiling a source program. |
| 2. | It is create by computer programmers, | It is create by compiler / translator. |
| 3. | It is written in high level programming language like C / C ++, java Visual Basic etc. | It is written in lower level language i.e. Machine language or Assembly language. |
| 4. | Source program is in human readable form. | Object program is not in human readable form. |
| 5. | In C- language is source program is saved with extension “*.c” i.e. “computer10.c” | The object program is saved after compilation with extension “.obj” i.e. “computer10.obj” |
The words which are already created and defined inside a language translator (compiler /interpreter ) are called reserved words or keywords.
A computer language comes with certain reserved words. Each reserved words has its own specific task which cannot be changed. For example “int” is a reserved word of C-language. It is used to declare an integer variable.
Every programming language provides certain rules to create and use the variable. In C-language, the following rules must be followed to declare a variable.
- A variable name may consist of English letters, words, numbers and underscore.
- The first letter of variable name must be English alphabet / letter. For example name, home _ address etc.
- Underscore(_) can be used but not at the start or end of the variable name. for example e _ bill, large _ num, income _ tax etc.
- The number (0……9) may be used but not at the start of variable names. For example num1, address1, p32 etc.
- Reserved words / keywords may not be used as variable names.
- The blank space is not allowed inside variables names.
- The maximum length of variable names depends on the compiler.
‘const’ qualifier is used to define a constant. The constant is defined by specifying its name and date type. The const variable must be defined at the time of its declaration. Its syntax is
| Const date type | Identifier = value |
| Const | It is a C- reserved word. |
| Date type | It shows the date type of const variable |
| identifier | It is a valid variable name. |
| Value | It is the actual fixed value of const assigned to const variable. |
Example:
- const float pi = 3.142
- const int g =10
here the variable naming “pi” and “g” are const type variable whose value is fixed and can not be changed inside the program.
